A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and P.@dB.Ny
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at /go[}X5QR[
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with g^(gT
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave 7<!x:G?C
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation anbw\yh8
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. P>iZ gv
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled " WQ6[;&V
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like XV]xym~
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of g/!MEOVx
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations UtTlJb{-j
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, )5~T%_
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main pXO09L/nv
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near C 8wGbU6`
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic SDO:Gma
ruptures in a computer.
