A large number of earthquakes have been modelled in detail using seismological, geological and b)5z'zQu
geodetic information. Several common traits have been found for earthquakes kinematics at &v y/Vd
periods longer than 3s. At these frequencies, all large earthquakes (M>7) appear complex with C9 `J6Uu
highly variable slip, and propagate with rupture velocities close to about 80 % of the shear wave AxXFzMW
speed. Starting from these kinematic inversions, it is possible to use numerical wave propagation 0^27grU>
models in order to estimate the complete radiated field including near and far field effects. \U1fUrw$*
Radiation can be separated into two main components: a near field term responsible for the socalled ?-"%%#
fling steps due to permanent, geodetic offsets; and the far field that produces pulse like C#y[UM5\k;
motions. Using seismological scaling relations it is possible to explain the main features of L;n2, b
displacement spectra using classical seismological models at long periods. Seismic simulations ]Gm $0uS
may now be extended to the frequencies up to a few Hz by means of dynamic rupture propagation, cvf@B_iN9
where rupture is simulated starting from the kinematic models. In this talk I will review the main (Nky?*
results obtained so far and the new avenues of research that have been opened thanks to new near 7d7"^M
field earthquake data and the ability to simulate increasingly complex and realistic seismic d]v 4`nc
ruptures in a computer.
